苏轼不仅是宋代诗文革新运动的巨擘,也堪称宋代儒学复兴运动的主将。作为苏氏蜀学的集大成者,苏轼以儒为本,兼采佛道,构建了融会三教、兼容并蓄的学术体系。他对佛禅的态度,经历了“游禅”“近禅”“逃禅”“融禅”的心路历程。苏轼对佛禅亦信亦不信,非信非不信,信的是佛禅中与儒家相合的义理,而与儒家不相合的义理则不信;他在思维方式、思想资源上汲取佛禅的有益因素,并不在吃斋念佛、布施放生等仪式上纠缠其事;苏轼在人生困顿之时常有“人生如梦”的空幻感,不免走进虚无缥缈的空幻世界,但当走出困境之时,他又回归儒家大道。苏轼学佛禅的目的,首先是借佛禅消解人生逆境与困惑,其次是汲取佛禅元素丰富和发展儒学思想。

孟子以“好辩”著称于世,其“辩”包括游说诸侯的政治性辩对,以及与其他思想学派围绕仁义的学理性辩论。孟子对诸侯的游说辩对事业,最能表现其对现实情势考量的话语实践,可从法语与巽言来看。法语的论说特点是当面直陈对方的过错,是非标准分明,目的在于使论说对象思过改错。巽言的论说特点则是使人听之欣悦,启发对方的良知,从而劝喻诸侯推行仁政。二者的内核都是孟子积极致力于以王道仁政为核心的儒学政治思想的理论建设。就学理性辩论而言,孟子与他人的论辩“驳”的成分要远大于“立”。最典型的例子,便是其与告子之间围绕“仁义内外”及“人性之善恶”展开的一系列论辩。这种对抗性论辩的作用主要是澄清儒家义理的思想边界。而孟子真正安顿儒家义理之学的根基,当属其以四端之心为其性善说奠基性的论证。总之,孟子在思想上的创造性,与“辩”所造就的思辨理性有莫大的关联。正是对“辩”的自觉,使孟子不仅发孔子所未发,为儒家理论事业奠定规模,也以其论说实践为如何言说思辨性学问树立了一种典范。

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has issued a series of important statements on economic system reform, which have pointed out the direction and provided fundamental guidance for comprehensively deepening economic system reform in the new era. With the convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, this series of important discussions has formed a theoretical system with rich content, clear context, and complete structure, profoundly answering a series of questions such as the necessity, importance, goals, principles, paths, and methods of economic system reform. The core essence is to adhere to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, always ensure the correct direction of reform, and continuously improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics; Adhere to emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, upholding integrity and innovation, and building a high-level socialist market economy system; Persist in further liberating and developing social productive forces, improve the system and mechanism for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and accelerate the formation of production relations that are more suitable for new quality productive forces; Coordinate the promotion of deep-seated reforms and high-level opening-up to the outside world. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourse on economic system reform is a major theoretical innovation achievement of Marxism’s sinicization and modernization, a summary of China’s more than 40 years of experience and laws in reform and opening up, and an innovation and development of the theory of socialist reform with Chinese characteristics in the new era. It has significant guiding significance and reference value for the reform and development of China and other developing countries.

党的十八大以来,习近平总书记坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义,在充分继承马克思主义科技思想和全面总结中国共产党领导我国科技事业取得辉煌成就的历史经验基础上,围绕实现高水平科技自立自强、强化国家战略科技力量、建设全球人才高地等内容提出一系列新思想新观点新论断,形成了习近平科技观。习近平科技观是马克思主义关于当代科技发展的最新规律性认识,主要体现在两个方面：一是在全面总结中国共产党领导科技事业发展变革的百余年历程和伟大成就的经验规律上达到了新高度;二是在新征程上就科技创新如何支撑强国建设、民族复兴等一系列重大问题的准确把握和战略擘画上开辟了新境界。深刻领悟习近平科技观,对新征程上加快建设世界科技强国具有重要意义。本文从形成进路、基本向度和时代价值三个视角,重点分析习近平科技观的演进逻辑和丰富内涵,旨在从整体上加强习近平科技观的学理化阐发与系统性研究,为人们更好把握其理论特质和实践要求提供支撑。

After the assassination of Liao Chung-kai, the Kuomintang Central Committee resolved to task Wang Ching-wei, Xu Chongzhi, and Chiang Kai-shek with forming a“special committee”to address the crisis. When the case gradually become clear, it concluded with Xu Chongzhi being forced to“undertake medical treatment in Shanghai.”Due to Sun Yat-sen's later revolutionary stance, which increasingly aimed at imperialism, particularly British imperialism, following the“Liao Case, ”Chiang Kai-shek promptly assigned blame to Britain. Also, the heightened tensions in the“customs revenue conflict”between two sides forced Chiang Kai-shek and others'inclination to suspect Britain for any cases. This suspecion reinforced by the“Business Group Event”and“Shaki Massacre.”Chiang Kai-shek even prepared for potential conflict with Britain. While addressing the“Liao Case,”Borodin and the Comintern deemed Chen Chiung-ming and his backer Britain a dire threat to the revolution. However, Xu Chongzhi failed to act and even sought to replace Chen, and tried to protect his subordinate including Liang Hongkai, who deeply involved into the“Liao Case.”Borodin and associates exploited their personal dispute with Hu Hanmin to get rid of Liang Hongkai and others first. Subsequently, under the pretext of Xu Chongzhi's control over finances, Chiang Kai-shek lead the Whampoa Student Army and the First Army, used military means to resolve the issue with Xu Department. Borodin and others thought that resolving Xu Chongzhi and bringing the“leftist”faction led by Chiang Kai-shek to power would facilitate smooth progress in revolution, but they did not realize that a dire threat to revolution had already been incubated.

近几年,中国人口出生率屡创新低,如何提高生育意愿成为解决人口问题的关键。欲寻低生育意愿的根源应深入到文化层面,中国多样的地域文化为研究“文化与生育”提供了理想场景。研究利用方言测度地域文化,发现地域文化与个体生育意愿相关。进一步研究显示,地域文化通过社会观念、社会压力和社会支持三个机制影响生育意愿,且不同方言区的地域文化影响各异,方言“强势”、人口流入多、宗族文化强的地区,地域文化对生育意愿的影响更显著。此研究为学界提供了新视角。解读影响中国生育意愿的非制度因素,为完善生育政策提供数据支持,也为国际学界研究生育领域的文化效应提供了来自非移民国家的新的经验证据。

Network platforms have gradually become the center for the dissemination of copyright works, with a large number of user generated content for dissemination within the platform. The interests of copyright stakeholders will also be eroded by such works, and requiring network platforms to safeguard the rights and interests of copyright owners has become an inevitable choice. Network platforms are information intermediaries that provide search and matching services, and the information matching efficiency of algorithms is one of the core competitiveness of platforms. Therefore, observing how algorithms treat user generated content within the platform can help understand the platform’s copyright protection tendencies. Using the movie works from 2014 to 2018 as the key word to search on the short video website, analyze the factors that affect the ranking of user generated content in the search results. The results indicate that, in order to achieve maximum benefits, the network platform do engage in selective copyright protection behaviors. The platform will recommend to users the second creation related to movie works with the possibility of infringement. At the same time, when the platform relies on the movie work to obtain direct economic benefits, it will hide second creation by reducing the search weight, so that the platform’s copyrighted works are prioritized for selection and consumption. In response to this, the platform itself should improve its ability to filter and remove pirated content. Meanwhile, the responsibilities related to the platform’s copyright algorithms also urgently need to be clarified.

乡村旅游目的地作为特殊的地域空间,关涉利益主体多元,其生态环境维护与治理对乡村旅游可持续发展具有重要意义。随着经济社会变迁、乡村旅游提质升级和人民大众发展需求变化,传统乡村生态治理模式难以适应现代乡村旅游经济发展。新时代乡村旅游目的地生态环境治理需要在相关主体之间的利益博弈中寻求动态平衡,从价值理念、制度设计、管理与协作机制等维度优化发展路径,构建乡村旅游目的地生态环境多元主体共建共治共享的发展格局,协力提升乡村旅游目的地生态环境质量,共同回应新时代人民群众对美好生活的期待。

随着可持续发展理念深入人心,责任投资逐渐被投资者和资产管理行业所重视,企业ESG（环境、社会和治理）责任履行与股票市场稳定之间的关系受到广泛关注。采用2012—2022年我国A股上市公司数据,从耐心资本视角探讨了企业ESG责任履行对股票市场稳定的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,企业ESG责任履行可显著降低股价崩盘风险,从而增强股票市场稳定。机制识别发现,ESG责任履行能够产生信息效应、长期机构投资者治理效应和绿色投资者关注效应,进而发挥耐心资本稳定股票市场的作用。异质性分析表明,ESG责任履行的股票市场稳定效应主要体现在非国有企业、秦岭淮河以北（空气质量较差的）地区和高污染行业的企业样本。以上结论丰富了ESG责任履行缓解股价崩盘风险的实现机制,为推动企业履行ESG责任与稳定股票市场提供了理论参考。

在具有超大规模市场优势的国家,内资企业拓展投资布局时面临国内异地投资还是对外直接投资的选择。本文从外商直接投资视角探讨开放经济对内资企业跨区域投资选择的影响,以及国内市场和要素条件在其中的作用。利用工业企业数据库、商务部公布的境外投资企业（机构）名录和企查查提供的企业相关信息进行实证分析,结果表明外商直接投资促使企业偏向对外直接投资,主要通过成本上升效应、溢出效应和跟随效应实现。受制于要素流动障碍和禀赋差异,在外商直接投资作用下,市场分割程度相对较低和要素禀赋相对有限地区的内资企业更为倾向对外直接投资。研究结果为构建新发展格局提供了理论参考,对促进国内国际双循环具有现实意义。

分析百年未有之大变局,聚焦社会主义文化强国建设,需要从文化竞合视角把握世界文化图景。文化竞合作为一种新的世界意识和方法论,是对人类文明进程和文化动力的深刻把握,以全球化与现代化作为前行坐标;文化竞合的内在规律体现在“两极互联”与“辩证转化”,不同发展水平的国家和城市,都可以依托全球性的普遍联系而获益;文化竞合的基本形态,在“四力”象限中展开,即导向力、传承力、创新力和传播力;在文化竞合-中国力量-世界图景的历史大格局中,中国以文化竞合显示自信自强的力量,以胸怀天下推动文明互鉴与共存,以构建人类命运共同体引领世界文化图景。

During the period of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, providing relief to party members who were experiencing financial difficulties was an expenditure that Sun Yat-sen could not afford to overlook. This was determined not only by the objective environment in which the Yuan Shi-kai government severely cracked down on the revolutionary party after the Second Revolution, but also reflected Sun Yat-sen’s personal charisma as the leader of the revolutionary party in rescuing the nearly disintegrated party organization. However, due to the financial constraints within the party during its exile, the funds for relieving party members were often mixed up with the funds for uprisings, leading to a “backlash” phenomenon where the funds for uprisings were significantly reduced. In May 1915, Sun Yat-sen announced the cessation of relief and the dismissal of party members in Japan, striving to “concentrate his talents and financial resources” on one path. This decision sparked heated debates within the party over the issue of dismissals, and even led to discussions on the reasonableness of the party’s oath and constitution, the evaluation of cadre talents, and whether or not to liaise with revolutionary comrades overseas. Behind the issue of relieving party members, there were serious disagreements within the Chinese Revolutionary Party regarding the use of funds and organizational identity.

全球价值链中的不对称结构性权力深刻影响各国价值创造、价值获取及经济安全。本文融合全球价值链网络与结构性权力理论,从生产、知识、安全三个维度,剖析全球价值链结构性权力的来源及其建构路径。全球价值链结构性权力重构是各“能动者”对生产、知识、安全权力的争夺,本质是全球资源配置能力的调整。全球价值链主导国通过生产再组织、知识断链、构建盟友供应链等方式,加剧全球经济治理规则“碎片化”、区域价值链竞争和国家间贸易摩擦。面对百年未有之大变局,中国需顺应全球价值链结构性权力重构的大势,从生产、知识、安全维度寻求突破,构建“以我为主”的区域价值链,增强规则、技术等知识供给,提升产业链供应链韧性,培育全球价值链的国际竞争新优势。

随着新文化地理学研究视角的不断丰富,现象学也为我们解读日常风景的文化价值和社会意义提供新思路。现象学理论指导下的风景研究强调人的主体性活动,提出人类对所栖居的自然环境的理解和改造首先来源于日常与具身性的生活经验、感知和情感,人类与自然风景之间呈现相互作用、共同发展的动态关系。现象学的研究方法和思维理念引导文化风景研究聚焦情感、身体、实践、操演及日常生活等话题,大大拓展了新文化地理学的开放性、实践性和整体性。

从学理基础看,英美刑法法律错误之争的本质系法哲学立场之争。法实证主义认为,公民具有知晓法律的义务,否认法律错误的抗辩能够激励公民学习法律以实现遵守法律的目的;法律道德主义认为,公民只能以遵守道德来遵守法律,因此（意图）遵守道德者的法律错误应免责。从实践运行看,“不知法不免责”受到严重冲击。立法承认法律错误否定犯意或成立抗辩,而法院则通过解释犯意来处理法律错误;法律错误免责的合理标准与真实标准体现了两大学派的价值博弈。从价值评鉴上看,法律道德主义主观论更能回应对刑罚正当性问题的关切,其以“知错犯错”作为谴责依据与我国《刑法》第14条相符合;而英美刑法中搁置“事实”与“法律”的区分也是我国刑法体系运行值得借鉴与坚持的技术选择。

Energy is the foundation of economic development, and advancing new productive forces is essential for facilitating high-quality economic growth. Renewable energy represents a crucial foothold for energy transition and emerges as a novel economic form driven by new productive forces. Amid the new practical demands, China's renewable energy industry urgently necessitates breaking free from traditional growth patterns and development trajectories. Hence, it holds considerable practical significance in analyzing the challenges the renewable energy industry faces and exploring approaches to promote its development based on the characteristics of new productive forces. Firstly, this paper introduces the“high-tech, high-efficiency, high-quality”traits that have manifested in the renewable energy industry. Secondly, this paper investigates the challenges that might be encountered in further strengthening these three aspects of new productive forces in the renewable energy industry. Finally, based on the challenges above, this paper puts forth targeted proposals for developing the renewable energy industry, aiding it in consolidating its “green”undertone while possessing more pronounced features of new productive forces.

From an economic perspective, Macao's practical exploration of integrating into the overall national development since its return can be roughly divided into three stages. Since 2017, Macao has entered a new stage of integrated development guided by the regional planning of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Macao's accelerated integration into the overall national development agenda has profound strategic implications and intrinsic logic. It is an effective way to promote the moderate diversification of Macao's economy and enhance the momentum of its economic development. With the help of top-level design, it can targetedly drive the corresponding adjustments in the economic governance mechanisms of the SAR government. Macao explores new models of better combination of“effective government”and“efficient market”by actively aligning itself with higher-level plans, building the macro-guidance function of strategic planning, establishing a matching industrial policy system, and improving the government management structures and coordination mechanisms. Based on Macao's position and mission in the country and the region, paying attention to and properly handling the relationship between integrated development and“assimilation, ”integrating into the the national development agenda and leveraging international advantages, deepening the relationship between integration and innovative development, and“effective government”and“efficient market”not only helps Macao's long-term development, but also contributes the Greater Bay Area's“leading”function and Macao's model to China's modernization.

在具有孝道传统的中国社会,随着人口老龄化程度的不断加深和疾病谱系的转变,怎样为临终老人花钱、医治与尽孝成为中国家庭面临的重大挑战,而如何恰当地处理金钱与孝道之间的关系更是愈发微妙且棘手。基于对N市19个家庭的访谈与观察,发现在这场关于父母临终医疗的道德经济“试炼”中,孝道和亲情看似是各个家庭所共享的文化想象与情感寄托,但不同社会经济地位的家庭又会展开差异化的医疗方案与尽孝策略,由此呈现出“过度医疗”“适度医疗”“放弃治疗”等不同的老年临终安排。本文意在从新经济社会学视阈深化和推进我国老年临终医疗的研究,力图展现其中金钱与孝道之间既紧张又融合的共存互构关系。工具性的医疗开支不可避免地受到孝道文化的标记与改造,而神圣无价的孝道伦理与父母生命实际上又与经济考量紧密联系在一起。

“中国理论”作为习近平文化思想重要概念的提出,是历史反复证明理论具有多重重要性与新时代尤为需要理论指导和支撑,即历史之鉴与时代之需共同作用的结果。“中国理论”是立足于新时代中国实践,对中国经验、中国成就进行理论升华,通过中国话语来有力表达中国立场、中国主张,凝聚和彰显中国价值、中国精神、中国力量,为世界奉献中国智慧、中国方案的理论。构建和发展“中国理论”,筑牢和发挥文化主体性是其根本要求和根本途径。具体而言,就是要更为自觉地推进“两个结合”,更为自觉地坚持实践取向、坚持群众路线、坚持问题导向,更为自觉地坚持守正出新,更为自觉地推进理论的体系化、学理化,构建富有中国特色、中国风格、中国气派而又科学严谨的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系,形成中国的自主知识体系。

“宠辱若惊”章是人们讨论《老子》的焦点之一。郭店本“宠辱若”的“”字,应释为“䁝”,读作“撄”,而不应读作“荣”,其义为扰动、惊扰。对于此句,本文联系其他简帛本,从文字、句法、词源、文义四个方面作了分析和论证。“何谓宠辱”以下数句是为了说明老子对世俗宠辱所采取的态度。世人贵宠而厌辱,而老子则等同视之,甚至以宠为下。“宠辱若惊”与“贵大患若身”是两个贯通、递进的命题,人“贵大患”便是由惧辱而来的对生命本真的撄扰。“无身”与“贵身”本质上并无区别,只是其理解“身”的角度不同,“无身”是实现“贵身”的手段与工夫。“无身”的“身”,专指不合于道之“身”,这是《老子》的特殊用法。“无身”并不是对个体生命之“身”的消解,而是对受到外在宠辱的撄扰、不合于道之“身”的否定。

基于对当前城市社区共同体治理困境的分析,本文从生活性视角出发,探究基于空间-人口-组织的社区要素与基于地域性-公共性-团结性的生活要素如何构建社区治理共同体。研究发现,构建社区治理共同体是以自组织化建设培育社区公共精神、以社区空间整合实现地域性联结、以家文化形塑社区团结的多维度建构过程。同时,本研究阐明了共同体的生活性是既注重居民的个体性又注重生活的完整性,既注重个体的生活要素又注重社区要素,从而形成一种共同、共在、共识的共同体。由此,本文将“生活性”这一视角引入社区共同体建设议题,进一步拓展并构建了新的分析框架,以生活为中心,在社区空间-人口-组织之间建立了社会性联结。这一共同体的生活性既是对共同体建设目标的理论关怀,也有助于回应“社区共同体何以可能”的现实命题。

20世纪20年代是中国政治发生巨大变动的时代。社会主义思潮的广泛传播与国民革命运动的兴起,极大改变了中国的政治版图。在此背景下,梁启超与戴季陶虽属不同的政治阵营,但思想上有着一定的共性,即都认为源自近代西方的社会主义学说需要用中国传统来进行一番诠释,革命活动的正当性也需建立在符合中国传统的标准之上。在他们那里,中国传统,特别是儒家学说成为回应社会主义的重要理论工具。儒家学说既能用来描述社会主义的基本旨趣,又能重新展望实现社会主义及其相关政治理想的路径。将他们二位放在一起讨论,研究他们二人在当时如何基于一定的时代感来重新诠释中国传统,挖掘二人思想当中的共性,可以比较完整地呈现国民革命运动前后运用中国传统来回应社会主义思潮的基本态势。进一步而言,还可将二人的相关言说总结为一种思想类型,分析其对之后中国学术思想与政治文化的影响。

国家荣誉不仅是理想信念教育常态化制度化的鲜活素材与不竭动力,也是践行社会主义核心价值观的标杆,通过彰显国家成就与民族精神,为深化理想信念教育提供丰富的理论资源与实践典范。国家荣誉制度的本质是一种价值认可与激励系统,体现国家意志,其理论基础在于个人价值与国家利益、社会发展之间的内在一致。在新的历史条件下,国家荣誉制度应不断适应新的发展形势和国家中心任务需要,表彰目标应与国家的发展战略和核心价值观相一致;应在法治轨道上构建国家荣誉制度,完善基础性法律,制定配套法规,提升国家荣誉制度法律体系的科学化水平;应建立国家荣誉制度定期评估制度,及时改革、完善相关法律法规;应注重国家荣誉制度与相关法律法规的衔接、配合,促进国家荣誉制度法律体系稳定发展。

鬼神观念在商周之际发生了根本性的转变,该转变奠定了中国人的社会心态基础。殷人认为鬼神是一种有意识且能降祸福的存在,殷商社会中弥散着恐怖、祈福的氛围。经过孔子等儒家思想家的改造,鬼神成为人对生死本质、魂魄关系的一种认识,鬼神观中神秘、功利的成分被剔除殆尽,而人伦情谊则更为根本。周孔之后的鬼神观反映出中国人的社会心态基础,即亲子之间的生死相依、传续不绝形成了中国人不朽观念的重要来源,家内伦理也为社会关系的不断感通、外推提供了根基与源泉。这种社会心态使中国人从根本上与他人紧密地联系在一起,死者永存于生者心中,历史能够在生者的精神中重现。这也构成了中国人最基本的人生态度,即本乎心性的情感人伦、显亲扬名的德业精神是解除天年之限的唯一出路。

澳门与内地是守望相助、血脉相连的命运共同体。澳门华人的家国情怀作为一种持续性情感,长久以来经受中国儒家传统文化浸淫,形成了“家国一体”的观念。随着西方“民族”“国家”观念在澳门的逐渐传播与接受,澳门华人的“家国”情怀也经历了从传统王朝国家观念向基于中华民族认同的现代国家意识的转变。抗战时期,“毁家纾国”成为澳门华人理所担当之责,澳门民众通过“话语-行为”机制来表达自身的家国情怀。由于澳葡当局执行“中立”政策,澳门华人的家国情怀表达在内容和载体上,不得不因应澳葡当局的政策变化而进行相应调适。

The debate between Zhu Xi and Chen Liang was not only the debate of “Wang Ba Yi Li,” but also the first debate within Confucianism that revolved around an ideal personality. Based on the relationship between cause and effect and the Taoist theory of not distinguishing between inside and outside, Chen Liang admired Confucius’s theory of “Human Becomings” with wisdom, benevolence, bravery, and art, and the use of etiquette and music. Chen Liang criticized the Confucian theory of moral life in the Song Dynasty, and also made public its logical defects of “Self-cultivation to Pacify Others” and “the Inner Sage and the Outer Ruler.” Chen Liang’s “Human Becomings” Theory dispels the myth of three generations with the approach of rational realism, and his emphasis on the “Brave” virtue of the “Three Virtues” provides a useful reflection on the structural rationality of the ethical value system of science.

经济学知识在我国反垄断司法裁判中存在三种应用模式,区分的依据是不同模式在证据法上产生的效果不同。第一,当经济学用于查明案件事实时,经济学知识构成程序法意义上的证据,受到证据采纳规则和采信规则的审查,研究的是经济学知识是否能够成为“证据”以及证明力有多大的问题。经济学证据常常横跨采纳和采信规则的边界,因此法官应当避免僵化适用采纳规则,在经济学证据满足来源合法性和内容相关性以后即可纳入审查。在审查经济学证据的证明力大小之时,法官应当考虑出具该证据的经济学家的“独立性”。第二,当经济学知识用于解释法律规则时,一方面为垄断行为细化构成要件并提供分析框架,此时不构成程序法意义上的证据,也不会受到证据法的审查。鉴于经济学知识可能与法学思路相悖,法官应当以我国法律制度和政策目标为基准,判定是否要接纳相应的经济学术语解释和分析框架。另一方面,经济学知识从法经济学角度为垄断行为提供了“规则”与“标准”二分的规制方式,此时虽然不构成程序法意义上的证据,但是会影响到举证责任的履行难度。上述的二分规制模式在我国反垄断司法裁判中确已形成,但受到了欧美实践的不当影响,因此法官应当避免对国外司法辖区竞争法术语的盲目借用。第三,当经济学知识在司法裁判中提供背景信息和经验法则之时,构成“经济学常态”,此时同样不是程序法意义上的证据,但是会影响证明标准的满足或法官“心证”的形成。经济学常态和推定虽有相似之处,但法官应当避免将经济学常态等同于推定来适用。

As the last supreme military and political chief of Taidong Zhilizhou, Hu Chuan made a contribution to the governance and development of the eastern region of Taiwan. One is to deeply reflect on the policies of the Qing government’s governance of Taiwan, and propose some criticism and suggestions in a targeted manner. The second is to implement the grass-roots governance of the Taidong region step by step, maintaining the results of the Qing government’s governance and development of Taidong region. Third, in the army, smoking was banned, the stationed troops were rectified, and in the Sino-Japanese War, he did his heart for the preparation of sea defense in Taidong region. Although Taiwan was forced to cut to the Japanese invaders after the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War, Hu Chuan did in Taiwan for more than three years, showing that his contribution in the history of development in Taidong and even modern Chinese frontier development was indelible. Judging from the historical process of the Qing government’s governance and development of Taiwan’s 212 years, Hu Chuan used his life to draw a not perfect period.

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has published a series of important discourses on the private economy, realising the major theoretical innovation of Xi Jinping thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era in the field of economic governance. This series of important expositions based on the new era to promote the healthy development of the private economy, high-quality development of the reality of the requirements, from four dimensions to build a rich connotation, logical, scientific structure of the theoretical system. The epistemology clarifies the status and role of the private economy in the new era, and profoundly reveals its value and contribution; the subject theory explains the practice and leadership of the private economy, and emphasises that the private economy is an important subject in the construction of a modernised economic system; the mission theory further elucidates the new mission of China's private economy in the new era, and points out that the private economy is a vital force in the advancement of Chinese-style modernisation, an important basis for high-quality development, and an important force in the promotion of the theory of development points out the way of development of the private economy, and provides a practical approach and focus point for the high-quality development of the private economy. The theory of development has pointed out the rationale for the development of the private economy and provided a practical approach and focus point for the quality development of the private economy. The epistemology, main body theory, mission theory and development theory of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important exposition on the private economy are intertwined and mutually reinforcing, profoundly reflecting the laws and characteristics of the development of the private economy in the new era, highlighting the high degree of integration of understanding and practice, ideological and working methods, and theoretical guidance and current practice, and significantly demonstrating its rigorous scientific qualities, which is the latest theoretical outcome of the development of Marxist political economy in contemporary China, and is a valuable contribution to the new era. It is the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in contemporary China, and has great significance in guiding the development of private economy in the new era.

法官惩戒委员会认定违法审判责任具有权力专属性,其正当性在于法律职业共同体的职业专门逻辑,并意在防止对司法权的不当干预。惩戒委员会审议范围确定的基准应与司法自由裁量权相链接。不涉及自由裁量权判断的违法审判责任的认定,只需通过查清事实便可作出认定,无需法官惩戒委员会介入。为进一步框定法官惩戒委员会的审议范围,有必要澄清《法官法》第四十六条第四、五项与其他各项所涉违法审判责任的关系,阐释第四、五项两种违法审判责任的构成要件。化解法官惩戒委员会认定违法审判责任的困境,应在立法上明确法官惩戒委员会的审议是追究法官违法审判责任的前置程序,并强化法官惩戒与纪检监察工作双向衔接,同时还需要细化《法官法》第四十六条第四、五项的具体情形。

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s theoretical innovation on cultural confidence has been consistent, repeatedly emphasizing the significant importance of cultural confidence and strength for national rejuvenation. In the face of unprecedented changes in a century, promoting cultural confidence and strength guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Culture aims to continue the cultural lineage, respect civilizations, create a new culture belonging to the new era, and create a new form of human civilization. Specifically, in terms of cultural governance and practice, firstly, it is essential to adopt a people-centered approach, meet people’s ever-growing spiritual and cultural needs, and stimulate the cultural innovation and creativity of the entire nation. Secondly, it is crucial to uphold and innovate, skillfully utilize the key magic weapon of “two integrates,” and revitalize the brilliance of fine traditional Chinese culture in the new era. Thirdly, it is imperative to move towards the world, promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and enhance the effectiveness of global cultural exchanges, mutual learning, and cooperation

一般以为,英国殖民统治时期的香港无须向伦敦缴税。其实,1865年英国政府就开始向港英政府征收军税,用于驻军开支。1895年,英国政府将原来定额征收的香港军税,改为按照香港岁入（不包括卖地收入）的17.5%比例征收。1902年起,又改按香港岁入（不包括卖地收入等）的20%比例征收,从而水涨船高地长期分享以鸦片贸易收益为核心财源的香港岁入及经济红利,甚至将香港军税用于新加坡海军基地。香港政、商两界一直反对英国对港征收军税,反对香港分担英国对华、对日贸易的防务费用,坚持要求按照净收入计算军税,以便提高经营成本,减少军税缴付。可是,英国政府却一再驳回香港方面的反对意见。1941年12月25日,日军占领香港,英国政府无法再征收香港军税。第二次世界大战结束后,英国政府恢复对港征收军税,继续分享香港经济复苏与起飞的红利。

The history of formation of 3% fiscal deficit rate red line shows its nature as an illusion. Through international comparisons, given that China’s counter-cyclical adjustment will take several years or even longer, and therefore the breaking of 3% fiscal deficit rate red line should not be regarded as a temporary move. In order to urge people to completely abandon the 3% fiscal deficit rate red line, it is necessary to analyze the false analogy between public finance and family budget and its related misunderstanding. By analyzing the four key roles of raising the “fiscal deficit ratio” in China’s extraordinary counter-cyclical adjustment, provides a theoretical basis for the central government’s decision to raise its target fiscal deficit rate, and discusses why the concept of fiscal sustainability should be defined in terms of real economic resources rather than in terms of fiscal deficit rates. Breaking the entrenched thinking of 3% deficit rate red line helps to deeply understand the spirit of the Central Economic Work Conference at the end of 2024, that is, raising the fiscal deficit rate is a fundamental measure to solve the problems of adverse impacts brought about by changes in the external environment, insufficient domestic demand, operational difficulties in some enterprises, pressures on people’s employment and income growth, and many hidden risks.

百余年来,古巴华文教育办学历程“时断时续”,一直未能形成类似东南亚等地有规模、成体系且有较强生命力的华文教育办学传统。究其缘由,受古巴华人人口规模、经济状况、社会文化水平等自身条件限制,古巴华人社会始终缺乏开办华文教育的内在动力。无论历史上的古巴中西学堂、古巴华侨小学、古巴公教华侨学校以及基督教长老会中华学校,亦或当前仍在办学的“中国艺术与传统之家”华文补习学校、哈瓦那大学孔子学院,华文教育在古巴的历次兴废,都非主要源于古巴华人社会内部的酝酿和驱动,而是受外来推力的影响和作用。不同时代背景和历史条件下,古巴华文教育的办学形式及功能作用等或存在一定程度的差异,但外来推力的跌宕起伏始终对古巴华文教育的隆替兴废起到决定性作用。

In current state building researches, history is often regarded as an indispensable variable. However, when examining state building from a historical perspective, the focus tends to be on temporal factors. Researchers usually consider that, through comparing the state building activities of different countries within similar time-frames, the universal causal relationships could be achieved. Meanwhile, when natural factors are involved, the environment as a“carrier”becomes the most emphasized aspect, and the normative oriented understanding of“nature”in Western intellectual traditions is often overlooked. This paper attempts to explore Montesquieu's thoughts on state building. By examining the multi-dimensional meanings of nature and history in his works, we are aimed at elucidating the“spirit”of modern state building, thus providing richer perspectives for contemporary researches.

在“AI+社会”,算力是可以自由交易的资源,可以成为被侵害的对象,实践中已经出现大量侵害算力的案例,有必要对算力进行财产权确权。目前算力财产的法律定位存在空缺,缺乏私法层面的保护路径,因而对算力财产的保护应从侵权模式转为确权模式。算力也是一种稀缺资源,与国家利益和公共利益紧密相关,这也提升了对算力确权的紧迫性。算力财产是一种新型财产权,其客体包含多样的事实要素和行为要素,在具有传统财产权权能的同时,还有集合性、无损性和交易模式多样性的独有特征。算力需要公法与私法的协同保护,算力侵权归责适用过错推定责任。算力的无体性和无损性使得盗用算力的损害赔偿亦有其特殊之处。