Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has published a series of important discourses on the private economy, realising the major theoretical innovation of Xi Jinping thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era in the field of economic governance. This series of important expositions based on the new era to promote the healthy development of the private economy, high-quality development of the reality of the requirements, from four dimensions to build a rich connotation, logical, scientific structure of the theoretical system. The epistemology clarifies the status and role of the private economy in the new era, and profoundly reveals its value and contribution; the subject theory explains the practice and leadership of the private economy, and emphasises that the private economy is an important subject in the construction of a modernised economic system; the mission theory further elucidates the new mission of China's private economy in the new era, and points out that the private economy is a vital force in the advancement of Chinese-style modernisation, an important basis for high-quality development, and an important force in the promotion of the theory of development points out the way of development of the private economy, and provides a practical approach and focus point for the high-quality development of the private economy. The theory of development has pointed out the rationale for the development of the private economy and provided a practical approach and focus point for the quality development of the private economy. The epistemology, main body theory, mission theory and development theory of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important exposition on the private economy are intertwined and mutually reinforcing, profoundly reflecting the laws and characteristics of the development of the private economy in the new era, highlighting the high degree of integration of understanding and practice, ideological and working methods, and theoretical guidance and current practice, and significantly demonstrating its rigorous scientific qualities, which is the latest theoretical outcome of the development of Marxist political economy in contemporary China, and is a valuable contribution to the new era. It is the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in contemporary China, and has great significance in guiding the development of private economy in the new era.

The design of the driving mechanism for accelerating the new quality productive forces should go deep into the industrial market between enterprises, and seek the operation mechanism and promotion method at the level of the industrial chain governance structure. This paper analyzes the internal mechanism of promoting new quality productive forces through the interaction and decision-making between the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain under the perspective of modern industrial chain owners governance. The study concludes that the industry chain governance theory, which originally explains the organization and operation of the global production network, can be used as a theoretical analytical tool and policy practice to accelerate new quality productive forces, especially to solve the problem of the “bottleneck” of important technological links, from the viewpoint of industry chain coordination. Industry chain owners governance is a market-oriented “key” to promoting new quality productive forces, a unique function that neither a single government nor a pure market mechanism has. Inadequate governance mechanisms of industry chain owners may lead to “involutional” vicious competition that weakens the innovation capacity of science and technology and industry. This paper provides a theoretical analytical framework for a better understanding of governance in modern open markets to enable new quality productive forces, and provides micro-mechanisms and countermeasure suggestions for China to enable new quality productive forces through the construction and improvement of industrial chain owners governance.

Confucian culture has a significant promoting effect on the upgrading of corporate human capital structure. Firstly, the cognitive values of “growing through adversity” and “remaining vigilant in times of peace,” shaped by Confucian culture, are internalized into corporate strategic decision-makers' risk awareness, effectively mitigating managerial short-termism, encouraging sustained R&D investment, and thereby fostering a capital-skill complementarity effect that drives human capital structure upgrading. Secondly, the Confucian values emphasizing “trustworthiness and righteousness” and “respect for education and intellectuals” help restrain executives' on-the-job consumption behavior and enhance their willingness to pay for skill premiums, thus improving compensation mechanisms and further promoting the upgrading of human capital structures. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the promoting effect is significantly stronger in high-tech industries. Further analysis shows that the human capital structure upgrading driven by Confucian culture positively contributes to corporate's total factor productivity. This study unveils the internal mechanisms through traditional culture empowering high-quality corporate development, providing theoretical support and practical insights for the creative transformation and innovative development of the excellent traditional culture of China in the new era.

Many philosophers, such as Russell, agree and only consider Wittgenstein to be a logical atomist in the early period, but Wittgenstein himself does not seem to explicitly accept this scholarly identity. Following Wittgenstein's texts or his own diction, he can be called a critical philosopher of language in his theory as a whole. In terms of his theoretical division, he may be called a logical philosopher or a natural scientist when discussing the question of the logical/factual world; When concerned with the living world, he can be called a solipsist or a metaphysician or a cultural philosopher. If these scholarly identifications of Wittgenstein are plausible, it would be a mistake to say that Wittgenstein was a logical atomist.

In July 1898, the London newspaper The Morning Post published two articles co-authored by Sun Yat-sen and Edwin Collins, namely, “Chinese Army and Volunteers” and “New China Party's Aims.” In these two articles, the former one introduced the local militia led by the local gentry class, which showed the potential military power reserved in the large Chinese population. The latter clarified the false notion held by the westerners towards China, that the Chinese are “anti-foreign” and close-minded, and elaborated on the political propositions of Xingzhonghui, including to learn from the West and to open up the Chinese market, etc. The appearance of these two articles in London press was closely related to the hearsay that the rebellions carried out by the secret societies in Guangxi was led by Sun Yat-sen. The Morning Post also took this opportunity to publish editorials advocating a more positive China policy on the part of the British Government. Combined with the articles “China's Present and Future” and “Judicial Reform in China,” in the four articles co-authored with Edwin Collins, Sun Yat-sen fully expounded on the motivation and goals as well as the potential and aspiration of the Chinese revolution, which constituted literature of great importance for the study of research on Sun Yat-sen's life and thoughts in his early years.

Recognizing the signs of the times prioritized studying Western languages, while seeking pathways forward necessitated proficiency in foreign tongues—this was a foundational consensus among China's modern enlightened intellectuals. Although early Chinese Communists' engagement with foreign languages stemmed from the curriculum reforms of new-style schools since the late Qing dynasty, their linguistic choices and intellectual orientations in learning and disseminating Marxism reflected distinct practical exigencies and epochal concerns. While language acquisition follows universal methodological principles, the connotation and scope of early Communists' foreign language study diverged markedly from societal norms. To them, foreign languages were not merely vessels of thought but also weapons of struggle, framing linguistic competence as an essential quality for revolutionaries to be applied in practical revolutionary endeavors. However, language learning remains a highly subjective mental activity, where individual aptitude inevitably shaped outcomes, thereby revealing the varied proficiency levels among early Communists.

From 1946 to 1949, due to the outbreak of the all-out civil War, the left-wing literary circle in Hong Kong carried out enthusiastic praise and propaganda, sincere learning and reflection, and frank and sharp dissent and criticism on the works of writers in the liberated areas. This not only expanded the influence of the emerging “People's Literature and Art,” but also made it possible for the left cultural groups traveling overseas to narrow the “geographical differences,” narrow the “psychological distance” and maintain “ideological synchronization” with the literary and art circles in the liberated areas, which was an important part of the “spiritual preparation” work made by them when they left Hong Kong to participate in the construction of the literary and art cause of the new regime.

Theoretical generalizability forms the foundation for the academic significance of qualitative research. Theorizing facilitates the generalization of research questions, clarification of analytical frameworks, and demarcation of theoretical boundaries. The theorizing process in qualitative research encompasses the conceptualization, categorization, and propositionalization of empirical phenomena. Specifically, “good concepts” can be distilled from everyday life, existing conceptual frameworks, and established theories. Empirical experiences can be categorized through intuitive, single-dimensional, and multi-dimensional approaches. Propositions can be formulated via case comparisons and counterfactual hypotheses. Theorizing requires researchers to possess acute situational awareness, precise theoretical comprehension, and a rich sociological imagination.

Considering the particularity of the shares of limited companies, Article 86 of the Company Law enhances the important role of the register of shareholders in the transfer of shares, which leads to the issue of whether the register of shareholders is an effective requirement for the change of shares. On the one hand, the determination of the shareholding change mode of limited company is affected by the publicity doctrine of the change of real right, on the other hand, it involves the change of the members of limited company, and needs to take into account the special regulation needs of the organic law. It should be emphasized that equity, as a relative right, is obviously different from the real right of the world, and the publicity significance of the shareholder register and equity registration is limited, and it is difficult to achieve the publicity effect of the registration of real estate and the delivery of movable property. From the perspective of legal normative attributes, the relationship between coercion and autonomy should be properly handled in the final analysis of equity changes in limited companies. In the absence of special provisions in the Company Law, the principle of private autonomy should be adhered to, that is, the equity changes should be judged based on the agreement of both parties to the transaction, and the notification of the company should be considered as the prerequisite for the effective effect of equity changes. As for the register of shareholders and the actual exercise of shareholders' rights as the proof of equity changes, equity registration should be positioned as the antagonistic element.